Urban Regeneration and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Urban Regeneration and Development - Essay Example ject incorporates two central themes; the foremost illustrate the central facades of urban regeneration evaluating its procedure at the former Manchester football stadium. It is on record that many cities in the recent past have witnessed redevelopment for modern post mechanized functions’ normally assimilated to civilization, sightseeing, in addition to technology. Such functions might present the prospects for erecting more reliable as well as livable metropolis, fastidiously in antique mechanized regions, Clifford, S and King, A (1993). In reconstituting antique cities, Genoa was employed as a case study; this is inclined to transforming old harbor regions, the waterfront as well as historic centre. Currently Genoa has regained an appealing distinctiveness and its function in the Italian structure. A subsequent case study is Barcelona, which was manipulated through its changes in bid to hosting the 1992 Olympic Games. The metropolis has been rated as one of the most inventive urban planning. The city withstood the economic, environmental as well as the communal variations by focusing on its culture backdrop, metropolis variations, shaping inducement, urban as well as impartiality administration, and sea front evolution, Clifford, S and King, A (1993). The metropolis evolution line of attack, CDS, enhances Alexandria which takes advantage of its competitive endowments, better administer remote properties and remove constraints for restricted sector-led growth, while considering the socio-fiscal incorporation of the poor, modify the subsisting conditions of its residents, and prevent supplementary worsening. The venture progresses since 2004, bringing about several of modern projects that present fiscal advantages, while focusing on ecological enhancement, slim upgrading, and make certain that it stretches towards its regeneration, Gilbert, R, Stevenson, D, Girardet, H and Stern, R (1996). From time immemorial metropolis develop on naturally. The process

Cult Films Essay Example for Free

Cult Films Essay Eccentric, offbeat, weird, unique and catering to esoteric tastes of a particularly small group and number of individuals, cult movies or cult films are the exact opposite of the blockbuster, hollywood and hollywood-type mainstream feature films being screened in major movie houses today. Cult movies usually acquire a cult following, groups of individuals whose particular tastes and interests fall under the films wing. Classic cult films which come to mind are that of Stanley Kubricks controversial A Clockwork Orange (1971), Francis Ford Coppolas anti-Vietnam war movie Apocalypse Now (1979), Ridley Scotts loose interpretation of a Philip K. Dick novel, Blade Runner (1982), and the quintessential cult classic The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) by Jim Sharman. While cult films range from a variety of genres such as crime, suspense, science fiction, horror and so on, some cult films are deemed uncategorizable and exist in a genre which could only be labeled as such: cult. The cast of characters which appear in most cult films are barely known to the general viewing public. These are artists who are in the initial stages of their careers, others gaining a certain degree of fame and recognition from the said cult movie, and on few occasions, a select number of renowned actors and actresses gracing the part of often particularly quirky and outrageously and/or obscuredly sketched characters in an equally obscure and eccentric setting and environment. The most recent cult films of today range from the local independent, to foreign movies packaged for different countries, to even top grossing movies well received by the mainstream movie viewing populace but regarded as a cult movie because of its ability to garner a particular group of dedicated following, which it would seem is growing in numbers, an example of such a cult movie is George Lucas Star Wars. The cult movie of today has taken a different form, although catering to esoteric tastes, these movies have also garnered a significant amount of mainstream appeal. Such is the case with Quentin Tarantinos Kill Bill, received by a greater number of following subsequent to his first cult flick, Pulp Fiction, which seemed to have revolutionized and brought considerably significant amount of impact to the aspect of film making as it deals with aesthetic, style and content. The apparent trashy content and material which critics refer to in Tarantinos film approach reflects and probably sums up cult ideologies and what cult movies are generally about. The movie viewing populace of today is becoming less discriminate and blurring lines of that of the cult and mainstream movies, and viewing these films for what they are, a pastiche of shared beliefs, opinions, ideologies and meanings as interpreted by a director who subscribes to individuality and captured on over an hour or so of reel and screen time. It may or may not reflect the particular persuasions and leanings of the general populace and the rest of the masses, but as long as it applies to one individual, and an esoteric few, it makes every amount of difference. References â€Å"Cult Films. † Film Site. Org. Tim Dirks. (2007) Retrieved 12 December 2007 http://www. filmsite. org/cultfilms. html â€Å"Top 50 Cult Films. † Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 12 December 2007 http://5mtl. com/ft/culttop. htm â€Å"Top Cult Films. † Dermansky, Marcy and Fauth, Jurgen. Retrieved 12 December 2007 http://worldfilm. about. com.

Cardinal Richelieu :: essays research papers

Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu was born Armand Jean du Plessis in Paris in September of 1585. The name Richelieu came from the name of his family's estate. The du Plessis' were considered minor nobility and Armand's grandfather, Louis, secured their place in court through marriage to Francoise de Rochechouart, an important family at the time. Louis died young and left five sons, the second oldest of whom, Francois, was Richelieu's father. Francois also died young, leaving his family in dire financial straits due to some poor investments. As a child, Richelieu was sickly and unfortunately would suffer from various maladies for the rest of his life. Armand was extremely intelligent and at the age of nine was sent to College de Navarre in Paris. Originally, Armand was to have had a military career and his older brother Alphonse was to have a religious life, but Alphonse suffered mental problems so, at the age of seventeen, Armand began to study theology seriously, in order to keep the Bishopric in the family. Armand's mother had fought hard for this title and would not let it go easily. He took to his religious studies easily and because of his health problems was ideally suited to this life. In 1606 then Abbe Armand de Richelieu was appointed Bishop of Lucon and in 1622, Pope Gregory appointed him a Cardinal. Like his grandfather and father before him, serving the monarchy was very important to Richelieu. To this end he allied himself with Marie de Medici, the queen mother, and was appointed to the court as Secretary of State to foreign affairs in 1616. This position did not last long as Marie's favorite, Concino Concini, was assassinated; this caused a falling out between mother and son. The king, Louis XII, had decided to take a more direct hand in government at his time. For a time Richelieu was in disgrace but then king and his mother soon reconciled, which was good news for Richelieu. He was made Prime Minister under Louix XIII in 1624. He was dedicated to the supreme authority of the crown. At the time, there was political corruption galore, an independent nobility and problems with the Protestant Huguenots. Richelieu saw all of these things as impediments to his goals and through coercion, manipulation and oppression, set about changing things. In 1628, he defeated a Huguenot rebellion and although they were banned from military service, he allowed them to practice their religion.

Eragon The Movie vs. Eragon The Novel Essay

People have different views in life. Some would opt to wallow with the beauty of words and the power of the imagination, while others would opt for movies and witness the wonders of visual effects. Some of the stories made turn out to be inspirations for many, while others become a driving force for people to go on and continue with life. One of the most interesting stories in Literature is Eragon. Due to the story and the lessons that both children and adults would learn, the novel was adapted as a movie into the big screen. However, I believe that the novel version of Eragon is still better than the movie version. THE STORY The story revolves around a young boy, named Eragon, who grew up in a small farm in Carvahall together with his uncle and cousin. During one of his hunting trips in the mountains, he found a big blue stone. The stone attracted him greatly, and Eragon thought that if sold in the city, the stone would be enough to suffice for their winter needs. Unknown to Eragon, the blue stone was actually a dragon egg, ready to hatch. Since care for dragons was prohibited by the king, Eragon had no choice but to secretly raise the poor animal, naming her Saphira. Eventually, they were haunted down by the king’s men and had no choice but to flee the village. Eragon’s uncle, Garrow, died due to his injuries, making him furious and hungry for revenge. Eragon’s journey towards survival with Saphira led to more secrets. In the course of their adventures, Brom proposed that he would do whatever it takes to help Eragon. The symbol in Eragon’s hand shows that he is indeed one of the dragon riders, like how Brom used to be. Towards the course of the journey, he was transformed from an ordinary teenager to a sword-fighting rider knowledgeable in magic and the ways of Dragon Riders. Eragon meets more people and encounters more life-threatening situations towards the course of the journey, which allows him to learn more about himself. His quest for revenge allowed him to learn more about himself, and how his search for answers would lead him to protect a whole Empire. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Books always have their own identity as compared to the film adaptations. This may be attributed to the fact that readers are given the opportunity to view the novel in their own way, and see things according to what their imagination has to offer. The book and film version of Eragon had the same dilemma. Both media had the opportunity to share with people the wonders that Eragon’s life had to offer, and at the same time bring them to a world unknown to many. However, the 2 media used also had their own differences. The film version was intricately made in such a way that the viewers would become curious of what the story has to offer. The special effects used in the film version would definitely come as an impressive work of art. The descriptions set in the book, such as Saphira’s appearance were perfectly executed in the film. One who has read the book with agree with me, especially in the details set for the other locations in the film. The language used in both versions were also similar with each other. The book on the other hand, made us of too many words. Some of the dialogues and scenes were cut in the film version, somehow giving the viewers a different impression of how the story would go. Take for example Eragon’s journey. Some of the places were deleted, and even Eragon’s reactions towards Katrina were deleted in the film version. In this manner, the plot of the story was somewhat changed deviating from the original context of the novel. PERSONAL ANALYSIS The film version of Eragon was something to be considered. Those who have read the novel would have different impressions about the adaptation, especially when some of the important scenes and dialogues have been deleted. Although the aim of the producers was to fit the whole book in one film, this should have been done using a different approach. In the same manner, I also admire how the visual effects were executed. Saphira was one of the wonders of the whole story, and this was very well presented in the film adaptation. Arya herself was a wonder to marvel at. As the book would have it, she was a beautiful elf, and was supposed to look mysterious at some point in the story. This was done perfectly, and I believe the actress who played her should also be given credit. Unfortunately, the film and the book had so many differences. The film version would look as if it was another story formed from the original novel, and not an adaptation. Although both had considered to keep the plot as the center of the film, the choice of words made the story difficult to absorb. Both readers and viewers would have difficulty in trying to keep in tune with the story because of the many names and places it included. For someone who has seen both media, disappointment would not come as a surprise. However, for those who have not read the book, the film adaptation is impressive, especially with how Saphira was manipulated. Works Cited Eragon. Dir. Stefan Fanmeier. Perf. Jeremy Irons, John Malkovich, Sienna Guillory, Edward Speleers, and Rachel Weisz. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 20 March 2007. Paolini, Christopher. Eragon. Alfred A. Knopf Books for Young Readers, 2003. â€Å"Eragon. † 2006. Eragon the Movie. 22 January 2009 . â€Å"Eragon. † The Internet Movie Database. 22 January 2009 . â€Å"Eragon. † Book Browse. 22 Janury 2009 . â€Å"Eragon (Inheritance, Book I). † 2003. Kids Turn Central. 22 January 2009 . â€Å"Eragon DVD Review. † 22 January 2009 .

Proc Report Secreates

PharmaSUG 2012 – Paper TF20-SAS PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software Allison McMahill Booth, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA ABSTRACT Have you ever wondered why a numeric variable is referenced in different forms within a COMPUTE block? Do you know the difference between a DATA step variable and a variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement? Then, this paper is for you! Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped. We are looking at PROC REPORT and uncovering some of the behind-the-scenes details about this classic procedure.We will explore the components associated with PROC REPORT and discover ways to move column headings and change default attributes with styles and CALL DEFINE statements. We will also dig deep into example code and explore the new ability to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations. So for anyone who has ever written PROC REPORT code, stay tuned. It's PROC REPORT Unwr apped! INTRODUCTION Which popular SAS procedure has features of the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures and features of the DATA step in a single report-writing tool?It enables you to create a variety of reports including a detail report, which contains a row of data for every input data set observation, or a summary report, which consolidates data so that each row represents multiple input data set observations. Here is another hint: this same procedure provides the ability to create both default and customized summaries, add text and statistics, and create columns of data that do not exist in the input data set. If you guessed PROC REPORT, you are correct!For anyone who has written PROC REPORT code and has wondered what is going on behind the scenes, this is the paper for you. This paper explores some of the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT. We will dig deep into example code as we begin to uncover some of the details of this classic report-writing procedure. As a bonus, you will discover some facts about the REPORT procedure that you might not have known. By the way, the code output in this paper is based on the SAS ® 9. 3 default output destination of HTML. Although most of the paper ontent can also be applied to the LISTING destination, the code that is shown in this paper is intended to be used in an Output Delivery System (ODS) destination, unless otherwise indicated. With that being said†¦are you ready to explore? Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped! EXPLORING THE SECRETS (HOW IT’S MADE) PROC REPORT first began life as a procedure many years ago in SAS ® 6. Since then, it has been gaining popularity as the tool of choice for report writing. Even with such popularity, there are still aspects of the REPORT procedure that can be further explored.In this segment, we will unwrap and explore some of the secrets behind this most popular procedure with a focus on the following components: ? referencing a numeric variable in a COMPUTE blo ck ? exploring the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable ? discovering ways to move column headings ? changing default attributes with styles ? using the CALL DEFINE statement ? exploring the new ability in SAS 9. 3 to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations Let’s start exploring the secrets! REFERENCING A NUMERIC VARIABLE IN A COMPUTE BLOCKAll numeric variables are referenced the same way, right? Well, that depends on how the numeric variable is defined in the PROC REPORT DEFINE statement. Before we can explore more about the how a numeric variable is defined, we first need to understand some PROC REPORT basics. Then we will explore the many ways a numeric variable 1 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued can be defined in the DEFINE statement and how that definition determines the manner in which the variable is referenced in a COMPUTE bl ock.In the PROC REPORT statement, the input data set is listed using the option DATA= . If the DATA= option is not specified, PROC REPORT will use the last data set that was created in the current SAS session. The input data set contains variables and observations. The variables are categorized as either character or numeric— that is it, character or numeric. PROC REPORT does not use all of the variables from the input data set. Only the input data set variables that are listed in the COLUMN statement or in the BY statement are used.All of the report items, including the variables from the input data set that are listed in the COLUMN statement can be used in a COMPUTE block. Each report item in the COLUMN statement has an associated DEFINE statement. If a DEFINE statement for the report item is not supplied, PROC REPORT will create a default DEFINE statement behind the scenes. If a COLUMN statement is not specified, PROC REPORT will create a COLUMN statement behind the scenes . The COLUMN statement will contain only the variables from the input data set in the order of the data set.DEFINE statements can be supplied without a supplied COLUMN statement. The minimum statements that are needed to run PROC REPORT are a PROC REPORT statement with an input data set and a RUN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will create all the necessary minimum default statements. To see the default statements, add the LIST option in the PROC REPORT statement. The LIST option will produce the basic code, including all of the DEFINE statements, in the SAS log. The NOWD option enables the report to run in the non-windowing mode.Here is an example of PROC REPORT code with the LIST option: proc report data=sashelp. class nowd list; run; The SAS log is shown in Output 1. Output 1. SAS Log Output By default, the DEFINE statement for a numeric input data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the SUM statistic. An alias for the SUM statist ic is ANALYSIS. The SUM statistic is the most common statistic that is used in PROC REPORT code. The SUM statistic can be replaced with any valid PROC REPORT statistic such as MIN or MEAN.At BREAK and RBREAK rows, the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic will consolidate automatically based on the associated statistic. When a numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the form of the variable-name. statistic is used. In a COMPUTE block, if a numeric input data set variable name is used without the corresponding statistic (which is the statistic listed in the DEFINE statement), a note might be written to the SAS log. The following code will produce a note in the SAS log: roc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age height weight total; define age / group; define height–weight/ mean; define total / computed; compute total; total=height. mean/weight; endcomp; run; 2 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the S ecrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the preceding code, the DEFINE statement for the WEIGHT variable lists MEAN as the statistic. The calculation in the COMPUTE TOTAL block for the TOTAL COMPUTED variable shows the WEIGHT variable without the statistic of MEAN.PROC REPORT requires this statistic and does not recognize the WEIGHT variable. A note, such as the following, is produced in the SAS log: NOTE: Variable weight is uninitialized. PROC REPORT allows duplication of report items in the COLUMN statement. This duplicated report item becomes an alias. When an alias of the numeric input data set variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the alias name is used without the associated statistic. Behind the scenes, any duplication of the same variable or statistic in the COLUMN statement will be associated with an alias name.If an alias name is not specified, PROC REPORT will create one. To see the assigned alias name, add the LIST opt ion to the PROC REPORT statement and review the SAS log for the code. Using the preceding code in this section, the HEIGHT variable is duplicated in the COLUMN statement as follows: col age height height weight total; The resulting SAS log is shown in Output 2. Output 2. SAS Log Output Showing an Alias Name of _A1 Assigned behind the Scenes When the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is associated with an across variable, the column number, in the form of Cn_, is used in a COMPUTE block. In the form of _Cn_, n is the column number. The position of the columns shown in the output report is based on the left-to-right placement of the report-items in the COLUMN statement. For example, if a numeric variable with an associated statistic is placed as the first column under the ACROSS grouping but it is the second column in the output report, _C2_ is the correct value to use in a COMPUTE block. Behind the scenes, all columns are considered to have a column number even if the column is not printed in the final output report.Here is an example COLUMN statement: col sex age, (weight height); In this column statement, the first value of the WEIGHT variable is in the second column in the report. AGE is an across variable and is not counted as a column. The first column of the WEIGHT variable is associated with the first value of AGE and is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C2_. The next column of the WEIGHT variable that is associated with the second value of AGE is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C4_. Each unique value of the across variable becomes a header.Under each ACROSS header are the columns of variables that are associated with each unique across variable value. Each variable associated with an across variable becomes a column under the unique variable value. The number of unique values of an across variable controls the number of columns that are created for a variable associated with the across variable from the COLUMN statement. Beh ind the scenes, PROC REPORT has to know the specific column placement of a variable that is referenced in a COMPUTE block. The _Cn_ is used instead of the variable-name. statistic, the alias name, or the variable name. PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The following example code shows this concept: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class list; col age sex, (weight height total); define age / group; define sex / across; define height–weight/ sum format=8. 2; define total / computed format=8. 2; compute total; _c4_=_c2_/_c3_; _c7_=_c5_/_c6_; endcomp; run; The COMPUTE TOTAL block shows two assignment statements. Each assignment corresponds to a column of WEIGHT, HEIGHT, and TOTAL for each unique value of the across variable SEX.The resulting output is shown in Output 3. Output 3. Output Using _Cn_ in the COMPUTE TOTAL Calculations A numeric input data set variable can also be defined as DISPLAY , GROUP, ORDER, or COMPUTED. Because there is no statistic associated with these definitions, the numeric input data set variable name is used in a COMPUTE block. Regardless of the definition, the numeric report-item can still be used in any computation. However, for GROUP or ORDER definitions, behind the scenes the values are evaluated from the printed output report instead of the input data.This means that if the ORDER or GROUP defined variable for a particular row and column shows as a blank on the printed output report, a blank is the value that will be used for any computation or evaluation. The following code shows three different methods for assigning the value of the ORDER variable AGE to a COMPUTED variable. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age newage1 newage2 newage3; define age / order; define newage1 / computed; define newage2 / computed; define newage3 / computed; /* method 1 */ compute newage1; newage1=age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 2 */ ompute newage2; if age n e . then hold_age=age; newage2=hold_age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 3 */ compute before age; before_age=age; endcomp; compute newage3; newage3=before_age*1. 5; endcomp; run; 4 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the first method, the value for NEWAGE1 will contain a value only when AGE has a value for the same row. In the second method, the value of NEWAGE2 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable HOLD_AGE.In the third method, the value of NEWAGE3 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable BEFORE_AGE. The DATA step variable is created in the COMPUTE BEFORE AGE block. Behind the scenes, a DATA step variable changes values only through the code instructions. Also, behind the scenes, GROUP and ORDER numeric input data set variables are internally set to a blank in the printed output report at the RBREAK level. A COMPUTE AFTER block with an assignment statement for a numeric GROUP or ORDER variable at the RBREAK level will be ignored.A DISPLAY is always set to a blank at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. If you are routing the report output to an ODS destination, using a COMPUTE block CALL DEFINE statement with the STYLE attribute name and a style option that will accept text, such as PRETEXT=, is a way to override the blank values. A COLUMN STATEMENT VARIABLE VERSUS A DATA STEP VARIABLE PROC REPORT creates a column type of output report based on the variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statement. Any variable from the input data set that is to be used as a report column or used in a COMPUTE block has to be listed in the COLUMN statement.The placement of the report items, variables, and statistics in the COLUMN statement is very important. PROC REPORT reads and processes the report items from the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom direction. Until the rep ort item is processed, it will be initialized to missing for numeric variables and blank for character variables. Once the entire COLUMN statement report-items are processed for a row, PROC REPORT reinitializes all of the report-items back to missing for numeric and blank for character variables.Then PROC REPORT begins the process all over again for the next row of data by processing the report items in the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right direction. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT consolidates all the input data set variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statements for the execution of RBREAK BEFORE and BREAK BEFORE statements. For example, the RBREAK, meaning the report break, in the following code is calculated first: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col sex age,(height weight); define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min'; efine weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max'; rbreak before / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 4. Ou tput 4. PROC REPORT Output Showing the RBREAK Values COMPUTE blocks are also sensitive to the placement of the variables and statistics in the COLUMN statement. As PROC REPORT processes the report-items in a left-to-right direction, any associated COMPUTE blocks are also processed in the same order. This means that in a COMPUTE block that is based on a COLUMN statement reportitem, any referenced variable or statistic to the right of the COMPUTE block variable is missing.Simply put, PROC REPORT does not know about any report-item that is to the right of the COMPUTE block variable in the COLUMN statement. A DATA step variable, also referred to as a temporary variable, is different from the COLUMN statement variable. A DATA step variable is created and used in a COMPUTE block. It is not part of the COLUMN statement. The value of the DATA step variable comes directly from the code in a COMPUTE block. DATA step variables are often used in IF statements when there is a comparison of the c urrent row value to that of the value in the DATA step variable.PROC REPORT recomputes a COMPUTED variable value at every row, including at the BREAK and RBREAK rows. Values are not accumulated. An accumulated value can be calculated quickly using a DATA step variable in a 5 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued COMPUTE block because the value changes through the code only. Behind the scenes, DATA step variables used to accumulate values also include values at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. Adding an IF statement to check the value of the _BREAK_ automatic variable will help control when the accumulations takes place.In the following code, the computed variable TOTAL_AGE is the sum of two variables from the COLUMN statement. ACCUM_AGE is the accumulated value of AGE stored in the DATA step variable TEMP_AGE. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age total_age accum_age height weight; define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min'; define weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max'; define total_age / computed; define accum_age / computed; compute total_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then total_age+age; endcomp; compute accum_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then temp_age+age; accum_age=temp_age; endcomp; break after / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 5. Output 5. Comparison of the TOTAL_AGE Column and the ACCUM_AGE Column Notice the difference between the TOTAL_AGE column and the ACCUM_AGE column in Output 5. The TOTAL_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row so that the values are not accumulated. The ACCUM_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row but the TEMP_AGE value is not. TEMP_AGE is a DATA step variable and is not listed in the COLUMN statement. The result is an accumulated column for ACCUM_AGE. The _BREAK_ automatic variable will be blank for detail rows.A quick way to determine the value of a _BREAK_ va riable value is to create an output data set with the OUT= option in the PROC REPORT statement and examine the _BREAK_ values in the output data set. DISCOVERING WAYS TO MOVE COLUMN HEADERS By default, the column heading values come from the label in the DEFINE statement. If you do not specifically specify a label in your code either in the DEFINE statement or through a LABEL statement, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement, submit your code, and look at the code that is created in the SAS log.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will generate the default values it needs to create the output report. One of the default values is the label specified in the DEFINE statement. All of the column headings from the label option in the DEFINE statement span over a single column with one exception, variables that are defined as across variables. A column heading for an across variable can span over multiple columns. In the COLUMN statement, a comma after the across variable indicates whi ch variable or group of variables are associated with the across variable.An example of PROC REPORT code containing an across variable is shown below: 6 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued title ‘Default Column Headers'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes; column Region Product,Sales; define Region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define Product / across format= $14. â€Å"Product†; define Sales / sum format= DOLLAR12. â€Å"Total Sales†; run; Output 6 shows the PROC REPORT example output. Output 6.Default Column Heading with an Across Label Spanning over Multiple Columns Behind the scenes, each unique value of an across variable is transposed from a column to a row. The row data is not available for any further processing within the code as it now becomes a column heading. In Output 6, each value of Product becomes a column with the Product value as the column head ing. Under each Product column heading value is the Sales variable column heading and data for the particular Product value. The heading label Total Sales for every column is redundant.The output report would look better if Total Sales were removed from under the Product column heading and placed above the Product column headings. PROC REPORT provides a way to add column heading information that can span over multiple columns by using a SPANNED HEADER. The SPANNED HEADER is used in the COLUMN statement in this way: column (‘spanned header text' variable-list)†¦; The following example code shows three different methods for using the DEFINE statement and SPANNED HEADERS for creating the column heading: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split='*'; olumn region (‘(1)Total Sales' ‘(1)Product' ‘(2)Total Sales*(2)Product' product, sales); define region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define product / across format= $14. â€Å"(3)Total Sales† â€Å"(3)Product† ; define sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; You can mix and match the methods. There is no best practice for using each method. The method that you choose depends on the look that you want for the column heading. The output is shown in Output 7. 7 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 7. Moved Column Headings from Different MethodsThe three different methods are numbered in the example code and the output shown in Output 7: method (1) uses multiple SPANNED HEADER text; method (2) uses SPANNED HEADER text with the PROC REPORT SPLIT= character of * to force the text to continue on the next row; method (3) uses multiple labels in the DEFINE statement (you can also use a split character here). Let’s choose method (1) for the column heading and move the column heading to the top row. You can remove the label from the DEFINE statement by replacing the Region text with a blank â€Å" â€Å" and moving the Region text to a SPANNED HEADER in the COLUMN statement.There are three rows of headers. This means that the text of Region will need to be pushed up to the top row. You can do this by adding blank SPANNED HEADER text after the Region text in the COLUMN statement. Here is the modified PROC REPORT code with method (1) and the column heading text of Region: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split='*'; column (‘Region' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ Region) (‘Total Sales' ‘Product' Product , Sales); define Region / group format= $25. † † ; define Product / across format= $14. † † ; define Sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; Output 8 shows the output. Output 8.Moving Column Headings Using Blank SPANNED HEADERS Behind the scenes, when there is a blank header row and the output is routed to an ODS destination, the blank row is removed automatically. Thi s does not affect the LISTING output. If you want to preserve the blank row, change the blank label on one of the DEFINE statements that is not an across variable to some value. Then add a style 8 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued statement for the header, assigning the foreground color to the background color.For example, if your column heading background is purple, then the style statement for the DEFINE statement would look something like this: style(header)=[background=purple foreground=purple] With the background and the foreground assigned to the same color, any text in the label will blend into the background color. CHANGING DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES WITH STYLES Beginning with SAS 9. 3, the default output destination is HTML. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT is using the HTMLBLUE style. All the output in this paper all uses this default destination. What if you are not fond of the HTMLBLUE style?T hen, what do you do if you want to change the default style of your output report? If you want to change the style of HTMLBLUE to another style that is supplied in the Sashelp. Tmplmst template store, you can run the following code to create a list of all the styles that are available: proc template; list styles; run; You can apply the styles by adding an ODS statement with the specified style before the PROC REPORT statement. For example, if you want to use the FESTIVAL style instead of the default HTMLBLUE style, the ODS statement would look similar to this: ods html style=festival;PROC REPORT also provides the ability to change the styles of the different report locations. Here are the style location values and a description for each that indicates which part of the report is affected: ? ? ? ? ? ? REPORT—the report as a whole HEADER|HDR—the column headings COLUMN—the column cells LINES—the lines generated by LINE statements SUMMARY—the summary r ows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements CALLDEF—the cells identified by a CALL DEFINE statement All of the style locations are valid in the PROC REPORT statement. These styles apply to the entire location that is specified.The style locations can also be combined if the same attribute is being applied to multiple locations. This is the correct syntax: style= The following code shows how to apply the styles in the PROC REPORT statement: ods html style=festival; title ‘Styles on the PROC REPORT statement'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. class(obs=5) split='*' style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style(column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lime] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; olumn name age sex weight height; define name / display; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize; compute before; line ‘this is the beginning'; endcomp; 9 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute age; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age','style','style=[pretext=†total†]'); endcomp; run; The STYLE options in the preceding PROC REPORT statement are formatting the output in this way: ? ? ? style(report) sets the report output width to 7 inches. style(column) sets the background for all of the columns to lavender. style(header) applies a green foreground to all of the headers. style(summary) sets all of the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements with a ? ? style(lines) sets the line statements to a background of lime. style(calldef) sets the foreground to black and background to yellow for the CALL DEFINE locations. background of purple and a foreground of white. The resulting report output is shown in Output 9.Output 9. Changing Default Styles in the PROC REPORT Statement The DEFINE statement supports two types of styles: STYLE(COLUMN) and STYLE(HEADER). STYLE(COLUMN) applies to the entire column but will not override any styles that are applied to other locations in the column. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the DEFINE statement for the NAME variable that creates the Name column like this: define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; The background of the HEADER and COLUMN locations for the NAME variable is set to plum.Because styles were applied already to the SUMMARY location, only the header and detail cells for the NAME column are changed to plum. A CALL DEFINE statement is used to override the SUMMARY style for the NAME column. The CALL DEFINE statement is discussed more in the next section. Output 10 is the resulting report output. Output 10. Changing the Default Styles for the NAME Column Using a DEFINE Statement 10 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The BREAK and RBREAK statements support style changes for summary lines, customized lines, or both.A summary line is created from the BREAK or RBREAK statements. A customized line is created from a LINE statement within a COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER COMPUTE block. The is a break-variable that is defined as either GROUP or ORDER or the _PAGE_ location. A style on the BREAK and RBREAK statements will not override a cell style that is created by a CALL DEFINE statement or the STYLE(CALLDEF) option in the PROC REPORT statement. A CALL DEFINE statement will be used to make the style changes in this case. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the RBREAK statement like this: break after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; The COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER supports a style option in the COMPUTE statement. A forward slash ‘/’ precedes the style option in the COMPUTE statement. The style option only applies to the LINE statement and will override any previous STYLE(LINES) requests. The style applies to all of the LINE statements within the COMPUTE block. Using the code from this section, a COMPUTE AFTER AGE block is added to show a style modification to the foreground of the LINE statement output. ompute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age'; endcomp; A CALL DEFINE is a statement within a COMPUTE block. To change a style using a CALL DEFINE statement, the STYLE attribute is specified for the attribute-name and the style option is specified as the value. The following is the syntax for a CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name', value); Here is the code with all of the style modifications: ods html style=festival; title ‘Changing Default Attributes with Styles'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. lass(obs=5) split='*' style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style( column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lime] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; column name age sex weight height; define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; ompute before; line ‘this is the beginning'; endcomp; compute age; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age','style','style=[pretext=†total†]'); endcomp; compute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age'; endcomp; run; The updated output is shown in Output 11. 11 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 11. Final Report Output with Changes to Default Attribute s Using Style Options You also can change styles by using inline formatting.Inline formatting is a feature of the Output Delivery System that enables you to insert simple formatting text into ODS output by using the ODS ESCAPECHAR statement. For example, here is a TITLE statement and the resulting output: title ‘This is ^{style [color=red font_weight=bold] RED}'; This is RED The inline formatting in the TITLE statement changes the text of RED to the color of red. The caret (^) in the TITLE statement is the declared ODS ESCAPECHAR. The ODS ESCAPECHAR statement has to be submitted before any inline formatting will take place.The caret (^) can be any unique character that would not normally be in your code. USING THE CALL DEFINE STATEMENT The previous section discussed using the CALL DEFINE statement as a way to change a style by specifying the STYLE attribute for the attribute-name and the STYLE= option for the value. As mentioned earlier, this is the syntax for the CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name', value); The column-id is the column name or the column number. The column-id can be specified as one of the following: ? ? ? ? ? ? a character literal (in quotation marks) that is the column name a character xpression that resolves to the column name a numeric literal that is the column number a numeric expression that resolves to the column number a name of the form _Cn_, where n is the column number the automatic variable _COL_, which identifies the column that contains the report-item to which the compute block is attached _ROW_ is an automatic variable that indicates that the value is to be applied to the entire row. Currently, the _ROW_ variable is applicable only with the STYLE attribute name. Behind the scenes, all of the COLUMN statement report-items are used to create the report.The columns created from the COLUMN statement report-items are placed in the same order, left to right. Each created column has a column number, beginning with ‘1’ for the left-most column on the report. All report-items have a column number, even if there are NOZERO, NOPRINT, and COMPLETECOLS options specified, because these options are applied after the report is created in memory. The following code shows the column number: 12 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued data test; nput type $ color $ counter; cards; aaa purple 1 aaa orange 1 bbb purple 2 ccc orange 2 ; run; proc report nowd data=test missing ; col counter type,color,counter=num; define counter / group ‘ ‘; define type / across ‘ ‘; define color / across ‘ ‘; define num / sum ‘ ‘ nozero; compute num; call define(4,'style','style=[background=purple]'); endcomp; run; Output 12 shows the output. Output12. PROC REPORT Output with the Incorrect Column Number Used in a CALL DEFINE Statement In the code above, the CALL DEFINE statement applies a purple background to the fourth column.There is a NOZERO option in the DEFINE statement for NUM, which instructs the report to not print that column if all the column values are zero or missing. By adding the SHOWALL option to the PROC REPORT statement and resubmitting the code, the resulting output in Output 13 shows the fourth column with a purple background. The SHOWALL option displays all of the NOPRINT option and NOZERO option columns in the output report. This option, with the LIST option, is good to use when debugging PROC REPORT code. proc report nowd data=test missing showall; Output 13.Resulting Output When the SHOWALL Option Is Applied to the PROC REPORT Statement If the intention is to change the background of the fourth column that is shown in Output 13, then here is the correct CALL DEFINE statement: call define(5,'style','style=[background=purple]'); There is no limit to the number of CALL DEFINE statements that can be used in a COM PUTE block. If there are duplicate styles that need to be applied to different cells, you might want to consider consolidating the CALL DEFINE statements. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT calls on the SAS DATA step compiler when a COMPUTE block is used.Most of the SAS DATA step code functionally is available to you when you create code for a COMPUTE block. One consolidation technique is to use a DO loop with a CALL DEFINE to loop through the column number to apply a style. Using the code in this section, here is a modification to the COMPUTE NUM block: 13 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute num; call define(_row_,'style','style=[background=wheat]'); do purple_column= 3 to 5 by 2; call define(purple_column,'style','style=[background=purple foreground=white font_weight=bold]'); end; ndcomp; The output is shown in Output 14. Output 14. Output Using Modified Code from the COMPUTE NUM Block We ha ve seen examples of using the attribute name of STYLE. There are other attribute names that can be used. For example, if you want to make the contents of each cell a link to a specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL), you can use the URL attribute as the attribute-name and the link as the value. Before ODS, and yes, there was a time before ODS, there was the Output Window (known now as the LISTING destination). The only attribute that is specified in a CALL DEFINE statement for use in the Output Window is the  ®FORMAT attribute. Once ODS was introduced in SAS 7, the ability to use the FORMAT attribute included all output destinations. _ROW_ cannot be used when the FORMAT attribute name is specified in the CALL DEFINE statement. The best use of the FORMAT attribute can be illustrated by using the output from a PROC MEANS using the default statistics. The following PROC MEANS code creates an output data set and a PROC PRINT to print the output: proc means data=sashelp. class nway; w here age=15; class age; var weight height; output out=means_output; run; proc print; run; The output is shown in Output 15.Output 15. PROC PRINT Output In looking at the output in Output 15, it really does not make sense for the N statistic for the WEIGHT and HEIGHT variables to have decimals. PROC REPORT allows an easy way to change the format for these two cells by using the CALL DEFINE statement within a COMPUTE block. The following PROC REPORT shows the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute. 14 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc report nowd data=means_output; col age _stat_ weight height; define age / order; efine _stat_ / display; define weight / sum format=8. 2; define height / sum format=8. 2; compute height; if _stat_='N' then do; call define(‘Weight. sum','format','8. ‘); call define(‘Height. sum','format','8. ‘); end; endcomp; run; The results are shown in O utput 16. Output 16. PROC REPORT Output with a Cell Format Change The first row under the headers in Output 16 shows the N statistic for both the WEIGHT and HEIGHT columns without decimals. Any time there is a need to change the format of a cell within a column, the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute is the best method to use.The other choice would be to create a computed character variable version of the value with the desired format. But what fun would that be? EXPLORING MULTILABEL FORMATTING TO CREATE SUBGROUP COMBINATIONS You might be asking yourself, what is multilabel formatting? Admittedly, the concept of multilabel formatting baffled me at first. I knew other procedures such as PROC TABULATE and PROC MEANS worked with multilabel formatting, and therefore could not envision it with PROC REPORT. Multilabel formatting enables PROC REPORT to use a format label or labels for a given range or overlapping ranges to create a combination of subgroups.The multilabel formats are app lied to either group or across variables. It was not until I had a scenario where I needed to create a report with various subgroupings that I began to appreciate using multilabel formatting. Unfortunately, because multilabel formatting was not available for PROC REPORT in the version of SAS that I was using, my only choice was to slice and dice the data prior to the PROC REPORT step. Multilabel formatting is new for PROC REPORT in SAS 9. 3. The multilabel format is created with PROC FORMAT. The option of multilabel within parentheses is applied to the VALUE statement after the format name.A syntax error, such as the following, will occur in the SAS log if the multilabel option is added without the parentheses: ERROR 22-322: Syntax error, expecting one of the following: a quoted string, a numeric constant, a datetime constant, a missing value, ;, (, LOW, OTHER. ERROR 202-322: The option or parameter is not recognized and will be ignored. If there are overlapping ranges on the labels of the VALUE statement, error messages such as the following will be created in the SAS log for each overlapping range: ERROR: These two ranges overlap: LOW-16 and 11-13 (fuzz=1E-12).ERROR: These two ranges overlap: 11-14 and 11-15 (fuzz=1E-12). In the following example PROC FORMAT code, the multilabel option within parentheses is listed after the format name of AGEFMT in the VALUE statement: 15 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc format; value agefmt (multilabel) 11-13 =' 11 to 13†² 11-14 =' 11 to 14†² 11-15 =' 11 to 15†² 11-high ='11 and above' low-16 ='16 and below' ; run; You might have noticed that some of the labels contain leading blanks.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT applies the format before creating groups and the formatted values are used for ordering. Without the leading spaces, the category of ‘11 and above’ will be the first group printed because an ‘a’ in ‘and’ precedes a ‘t’ in ‘to’ for an ascending ordering schema. Adding leading spaces is a way to ensure the desired grouping order. In the example PROC REPORT code below, AGEFMT format is added to the DEFINE AGE statement. Notice that there is also the option of MLF. The MLF option is required when multilabel formatting is desired. itle â€Å"Multilabel Formatting†; proc report data=sashelp. class nowd; col sex age (‘Mean' height weight); define sex / group; define age / group mlf format=agefmt. ‘Age Groups'; define height / mean format=6. 2 ‘Height (in. )'; define weight / mean format=6. 2 ‘Weight (lbs. )'; rbreak after / summarize; run; The output is shown below in Output 17. Output 17. Multilabel Formatting HTML Output The multilabel formatting is applied only to a group or across variable. If you try to apply the MLF option to any other definition, a warning message will be produced.For exa mple, if the group variable is changed to an order variable for the DEFINE AGE statement, the SAS log will show the following warning: WARNING: The MLF option is valid only with GROUP and ACROSS variables. MLF will have no effect for the variable age. If you need to create a detailed report instead of a summary report, you can change any other group variable to an order variable or add an order variable. For example, using the code in this section, if the DEFINE SEX/GROUP is changed to DEFINE SEX/ORDER, a detailed report showing a row for every observation from the input data set will be produced. 16PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued DID YOU KNOW†¦ Now that you know the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT, here are some other little-known facts of interest. Did you know that PROC REPORT started out as an interactive windowing product and the interactive window is the default environment ? Are you not sure what an interactive window is? Most of us have accidentally invoked PROC REPORT code without the NOWD, NOWINDOWS, or the NOFS option and end up in an unfamiliar window. This unfamiliar window is actually the REPORT window.Here is sample PROC REPORT code that invokes the REPORT window: proc report data=sashelp. class; run; The REPORT window is shown in Display 1. Display 1. The REPORT Window Showing PROC REPORT Code In fact, the REPORT window can be found in different places of SAS. For example, the Report Editor under the Tools menu and the Design Report selection under Reporting in the Solutions menu item both invoke the REPORT window. Entering TREPORT in the command line box will also invoke the REPORT WINDOW. For anyone new to PROC REPORT, using the report in the window mode is a wonderful way to quickly create an immediate report.The code can be found in the Report Statements selection located in the Tools menu from the REPORT window. For experienced PROC REPO RT coders, using the REPORT window to create the code saves time typing. Make sure that the NOWD option is added to the PROC REPORT statement when you are running in an editor. As new options are added to PROC REPORT, most of them will also work in the windowing mode. The exception is with ODS. The windowing mode of PROC REPORT does not support any of the ODS functionality. So check it out!  ®  ® Also, did you know that for SAS Enterprise Guide users, there is a wizard that uses PROC REPORT behind the scenes?It is called the List Report wizard. You can invoke the List Report window through the Describe selection under the Tasks menu item. The List Report wizard was designed for the user who has little to no SAS or PROC REPORT experience. Only the underlying code reveals that PROC REPORT was used behind the scenes. Display 2 shows the SAS Enterprise Guide List Report wizard. Display 2. The SAS Enterprise Guide List Report Wizard 17 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets beh ind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued CONCLUSIONSo there you have it. We have discovered the secrets behind how PROC REPORT is made by exploring a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block, the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable, and ways to move column headings, change attributes with styles, use the CALL DEFINE statement, and explore the multilabel formatting. We dug deep into example code and even unwrapped some of the little known facts about PROC REPORT. That is all the time we have and thank you for taking part in PROC REPORT Unwrapped! RECOMMENDED READING Booth, Allison McMahill. 2011. Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks Updated for SAS ® 9. 2. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2012 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings11/246-2011. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2010. â€Å"Evolve from a Carpenter’s Apprentice to a Master Woodworker: Creating a Plan for Your Reports and Avoiding Common Pitfalls in REPORT Procedure Coding. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2010 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings10/1332010. pdf.Booth, Allison McMahill. 2007. â€Å"Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2007 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/rnd/papers/sgf07/sgf2007-report. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"Find Your Answer in the SAS Knowledge Base. † SAS Customer Support Web Site. Available at support. sas. com/resources/.  ® SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure. † Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. tm#p0bqogcics9o4xn17yvt2qjbgdpi. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure Windows. à ¢â‚¬  Base SAS ® 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. htm#p10d8v5dnafqb9n1p35e7kp9q67e. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"The REPORT Procedure: Getting Started with the Basics. † Technical Paper. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/ProcReportBasics. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"Using Style Elements in the REPORT and TABULATE Procedures. † Technical Paper.Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/stylesinprocs. pdf. CONTACT INFORMATION Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Contact the author at: Allison McMahill Booth SAS Institute Inc. SAS Campus Drive Cary, NC 27513 E-mail: [email  protected] com Web: support. sas. com SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other coun tries.  ® indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies. 18

Blacks and The Media

Blacks and The Media Free Online Research Papers In 1844 Secretary of State John C. Calhoun used minstrel shows to argue for the extension of slavery. He wrote â€Å" Here is proof of the necessity of slavery. The African is Incapable of self care and slavery and sinks into lunacy under the burden of freedom. It is a mercy to give him the guardianship and protection from mental death.† Now here 166 years later the media still portray African Americans as ignorant and uncontrollable. The media use negative imaging to instill criminal stereotyping. During hurricane Katrina one Image in particular portray African Americans simply trying to survive as looters. This image showed an African American child leaving out of a grocery store with food. As another image of a white couple leaving a grocery store with food as trying to survive this horrific tragedy. The two photos both published by Yahoo News. Shot by photographer Dave Martin for the associated press. The description on the photo with the young black man stated â€Å" A young black man walks through chest deep flood water after looting a grocery store in New Orleans†. While the Photo of the young white couple stated â€Å" two residents wade through chest-deep water after finding bread and soda from a local grocery store after hurricane Katrina came through the area in New Orleans, LA.† The media evokes these negative stereotypes and ideas in place in mainstreams Pg 2 America. According to Lawrence Grossman, Former President of CBS News and PBS, TV newscast, â€Å"disproportionately show African Americans under arrest, living in slums, on welfare, and in need of help from the community. This is why the mass of un-socialized white America has a fear of African American. This is also how the idea of the â€Å"welfare queen† was started, due to the media output regarding single black women on welfare, its is assumed that all black women are single parents on welfare not want a job and abusing the system, when statistics prove different. Mainstream America use the media to downgrade the views and political actions of African Americans. Even in debates and political discussion white people tend to try and talk over the black counterparts in an attempt to downgrade them . Even the question directed to the African Americans are wording to confuse them. Research Papers on Blacks and The Media19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsWhere Wild and West MeetRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Hockey Game

Fight Club Essays

Fight Club Essays Fight Club Paper Fight Club Paper Essay Topic: Fight Club Novel The other people who were camping near us wanted to drink and party all night long, and I tried to get them to shut up one night, and they literally beat the crap out of me. I went back to work just so bashed, and horrible looking. People didnt ask me what had happened. I think they were afraid of the answer. I realised that if you looked bad enough, people would not want to know what you did in your spare time. They dont want to know the bad things about you. And the key was to look so bad that no one would ever, ever ask. And that was the idea behind Fight Club. (1) This realisation that humanity does not want to know about the dark side of life is central to the narrative of Fight Club. It focuses on how society has become numb; relying on physical possessions to define them (Id flip through catalogues and wonder what kind of dining set defined me as a person) rather than accepting yourself as being more than what you own, your career and how much money you have in your wallet, a notion which one of the central characters, Tyler Durden, reminds his followers of regularly. The film adaptation of Fight Club remains loyal to the ideas presented in the novel, with a few somewhat hidden visual clues to highlight the message within the story. : Our Narrator is an insomniac, working for a big corporate car company evaluating accidents, and whether it would be cost effective to warrant a recall. To counter-attack these dehumanising factors he joins numerous therapy groups and soon finds himself addicted, that is, until another tourist names Marla joins the self-help group scene and he finds himself unable to open up, and his insomnia begins again. It is soon after meeting Marla that the Narrator meets Tyler Durden, an enigmatic soap manufacturer who embodies all the qualities he wishes he had self-fulfilment, perfect looks and who isnt a slave to his possessions. Together they form Fight Club, a way to feel something in an otherwise numb life which consists of the same thing day in and day out. When Marla overdoses on Xanax, she is saved by Tyler and the two embark upon a sexual relationship. Tyler tells the narrator that he must never talk about him with Marla. Under Tylers leadership, the fight club soon spirals into a nihilist terrorist organisation named Project Mayhem, which commits increasingly destructive acts of anti-capitalist vandalism in the city. After an argument, Tyler disappears from the narrators life, and following a member of Project Mayhem dying, the Narrator attempts to trace Tylers steps, discovering that clubs have been set up in all major cities. One of the participants identifies him as Tyler Durden, which a phone call to Marla confirms, and he realises that Tyler is an alter ego of his own split personality. Tyler appears before him and explains that he controls his body whenever he is asleep. The opening scene of the film shows the main character, an unnamed twenty-something male, being held at gunpoint. The succeeding description, accompanied by a visual tour through the corporate building which is about to be blown up, immediately engages the viewer, as not only does the visual style appear edgy, but intrigue about how he got himself in such a situation is aroused. One of the main gripes in Fight Club is the consumerist society, and at its heart is a dark parody about consumerist discontent. The film engages with this idea by regularly not showing faces and focussing on other aspects to identify them. The first instance this is shown is when the unnamed central character, unnamed because it could be any twenty-something male, is approached by his boss. He immediately focuses on his tie, identifying the day as Tuesday because his boss was wearing his cornflower blue tie. We then get a glimpse of how our main character has fallen victim to the Ikea trend, the camera pans around his apartment with the catalogue descriptions of each item he owns appearing next to it. The scene finishes with a comment about how we used to read pornography, now it was the Horchow collection which fully shows how consumerism has become the new form of self- gratification. Its only when his apartment is blown up that he begins his journey to total freedom, his entire i dentity was enclosed in that apartment, and now that it has gone he begins again Its only after weve lost everything that were free to do anything. Director, David Fincher, employs an impressive array of techniques to tell the story, combining traditional cinematic conventions (voice overs, breaking the fourth wall to address the audience directly) with arresting CGI sequences and subliminal blips. For example before we are formally introduced to Tyler, he flashes onto the screen at what may seem like random moments, but are in fact key to unravelling the mystery of a confused identity. Of course, we dont realise the genius behind this until after the film. The main thing to remember whilst watching this film is that nothing has been put in there by mistake; every minute detail serves its purpose. From this aspect Fight Club succeeds in every way, and it also succeeds as being one of the rare film adaptations which is better than the book. The opening credits of Fight Club shows how the film incorporated modern CGI sequences to its advantage; a special effects sequence which quite literally takes us into the Narrators brain, wh ich starts from a tiny glow deep within his brain-cells, through his mouth and up the barrel of the gun. The clean look of the CGI contrasts greatly with the general visual texture of the film. There are many negative images in the film (bags of human fat splitting open, broken teeth and crackling electrical cable in water) which all adds to the effect. The most discussed, and criticised, aspects of Fight Club is its violent content. Fight Club was one of the first openly violent films to be released after Columbine High School massacre in April of 1999, and for this reason it generated a lot of critical attention about its attitude and graphic depiction towards violence, with voices being raised claiming that the movie glorifies violence by portraying it as something positive. (2) No one can deny that Fight Club is a violent movie; there are in fact some scenes which are so brutal that some viewers will turn away. But there is purpose behind showing this bloody battering, and its to make a point about the bestial nature of man and what can happen when the numbing effects of day-to-day drudgery cause people to go a little crazy. As the film evolves, he methodically reveals each new turn in an ever-deepening spiral that descends into darkness and madness. The reason Fight Club is such a memorable film, lies in its ability to reach out to modern society, of a certain age at least, and engage and relate to them in someway. The characters acknowledge at more than one point that theyre in a film. The Narrator makes sarcastic voice-over remarks, and is constantly rewinding and fast-forwarding through his story. After the Narrator has giving us the whole story, we return to the comment this is about where we left off, and Tylers response, Oh. Flashback humour. Fight Club takes on everything that cinema can do but has been too afraid to. Maybe it is the fights that stand out the most. In an era of fake fight scenes, beefed up with special effects, the fight scenes in Fight Club have a somewhat narcotic effect; with their documentary feel its much more realistic. The lack of music only adds to the atmosphere, with the only memorable music being at the very end of the film appropriately named Where Is My Mind? Fight Club is a daring film, forcing you to thing outside the box with how a Hollywood film should look and feel. It also forces the audience to question their lives, in modern times most people can not help but be caught up in the consumerist rat-race.

You Can Get Into These Highest Acceptance Rate Colleges

You Can Get Into These Highest Acceptance Rate Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Colleges with high acceptance rates can be good options for you when you’re selecting schools you want to apply to or attend. If you have low grades, standardized test scores, or you need to add safety schools to your list of colleges, these schools can give you more confidence that you’ll be able to gain admission to a 4-year college. In this article, I’ll give you the list of colleges with the highest acceptance rates, explain why they have such high acceptance rates, and offer pros and cons of attending these schools. Why Do These Colleges Have Such High Acceptance Rates? While the most selective colleges are focused on admitting the best and brightest students, colleges with high acceptance rates tend to be more concerned with providing access to higher education to those who meet minimum requirements. Many students face obstacles that prevent them from excelling in high school, and some students just lack motivation while they're in high school. Colleges with high acceptance rates are more willing to give these students the opportunity to pursue a 4-year college degree. Also, some of the smaller colleges on the list have a particular focus. Most of the students who are applying are qualified students who are interested in attending that specific type of college. For example, BYU-Idaho is a Mormon school and Evergreen State is a progressive liberal arts state institution. List of Colleges With the Highest Acceptance Rates Most of these colleges are state institutions, but there are private religious colleges on the list like Jarvis Christian College and Wayland Baptist University, and there are private non-sectarian colleges like Wilmington University. I didn’t include 2-year colleges or for-profit colleges; however, both often have 100% admission rates. Keep in mind that community colleges (2-year colleges) can be a good option to get a low-cost education and have the possibility of transferring to a 4-year college. In fact, many 4-year state colleges will offer guaranteed admission from a community college if you fulfill certain requirements. Note that some of these colleges are designated "open admission," which means they will offer admission to all applicants who meet their entrance requirements (usually minimal). This is different from colleges that accepted 100% of applicants last year but do not necessarily always do so. These colleges are at least nominally selective in nature. You may want to consider attending a community college. School City State Acceptance Rate Boston Architectural College Boston MA open admission Wilmington College Wilmington OH open admission Wilmington University New Castle DE open admission Cameron University Lawton OK open admission Western International University Tempe AZ open admission University of the Potomac Washington DC open admission Daytona State College Daytona Beach FL open admission Indian River State College Fort Pierce FL open admission University of Pikeville Pikeville KY open admission University of Maryland-University College Adelphi MD open admission Missouri Western State University St. Joseph MO open admission Bismarck State College Bismarck ND open admission Wayne State College Wayne NE open admission Granite State College Concord NH open admission New Mexico Highlands University Las Vegas NM open admission Oklahoma State University-Oklahoma City Oklahoma City OK open admission Jarvis Christian College Hawkins TX open admission Dixie College of Utah Saint George UT open admission Utah Valley University Orem UT open admission Weber State University Ogden UT open admission City University of Seattle Seattle WA open admission University of Maine-Augusta Augusta ME open admission University of Akron Akron OH open admission Wright State University Dayton OH open admission Wiley College Marshall TX open admission Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College St. Mary-of-the-Woods IN 100% Metropolitan State University St. Paul MN 100% Montana State University-Billings Billings MT 100% Montana State University - Northern Havre MT 100% University of Texas-El Paso El Paso TX 100% Ottawa University Ottawa KS 99.5% Nyack College Nyack NY 99.4% Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Edinboro PA 99.3% Harding University Searcy AR 99.1% Lewis-Clark State College Lewiston ID 99% Lyndon State College Lyndonville VT 99% Wayland Baptist University Plainview TX 99% Evergreen State College Olympia WA 98% Grand View University Des Moines IA 98% Utah State University Logan UT 97.8% Benedictine College Atchison KS 97.7% Western State Colorado University Gunnison CO 97.4% University of Sioux Falls Sioux Falls SD 97.2% Maine College of Art Portland ME 97% Washburn University Topeka KS 97% Covenant College Lookout Mountain GA 96.5% Brigham Young University-Idaho Rexburg ID 96% Missouri Southern State University Joplin MO 96% New England College Henniker NH 96% Johnson State College Johnson VT 95.5% Mary Baldwin College Staunton VA 95.5% Fontbonne University Clayton MO 95% Palm Beach Atlantic University West Palm Beach FL 95% Loras College Dubuque IA 95% University of Wyoming Laramie WY 95% Kansas State University Manhattan KS 94.5% University of Central Arkansas Conway AR 94.4% Bethel University St. Paul MN 94.4% Tennessee Technological University Cookeville TN 94.4% Colorado Christian University Lakewood CO 94.3% Lubbock Christian University Lubbock TX 94.3% Governers State University University Park IL 94% Neumann University Aston PA 94% Western Kentucky University Bowling Green KY 94% La Roche College Pittsburgh PA 93.9% CUNY-College of Staten Island Staten Island NY 93.8% Houghton College Houghton NY 93.8% Linfield College McMinnville OR 93.7% Southern Vermont College Bennington VT 93.7% Westminster College New Wilmington PA 93.5% Mississippi University for Women Columbus MS 93.5% Sweet Briar College Sweet Briar VA 93% Bemidji State University Bemidji MN 93% Freed-Hardeman University Henderson TN 93% University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio TX 93% University of Kansas Lawrence KS 93% Colorado State University-Pueblo Pueblo CO 92.7% University of Montana Missoula MT 92.7% Clarion University of Pennsylvania Clarion PA 92.7% College of Coastal Georgia Brunswick GA 92% Keystone College Factoryville PA 92% South Dakota State University Brookings SD 92% Shepherd University Shepherdstown WV 92% CUNY-Medgar Evers College Brooklyn NY 91.9% Bennet College Greensboro NC 91.8% North Central University Minneapolis MN 91% University of Houston-Downtown Houston TX 91% Carlow University Pittsburgh PA 90% Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Mansfield PA 90% Bard College at Simon's Rock Great Barrington MA 89% CUNY College of Staten Island (CUNY Academic Commons/Flickr) How Should You Use This List? If you’re considering colleges with high acceptance rates, you should research the colleges that interest you on this list to determine if they’re schools you should apply to or attend. There are many factors to help determine if a college is a good fit for you including location, support services, and the majors offered. Look at the school’s website, and use guidebooks, college finders, search websites, and otherranking lists to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. Possible Concerns With Attending These Schools The schools with the highest acceptance rates are not all the same, but I'm going to generalize potential issues with going to a less selective college. You should research specific colleges you're interested in to determine the extent to whichthese concerns apply to a school you're considering. Often, schools are judged based on their acceptance rates. Schools with higher acceptance rates tend to have worse reputations than more selective colleges. While you can accomplish your academic and professional goals by studying at any college, it can be more difficult to get certain jobs or admitted to more selective graduate school programs from a less prestigious university. Also, some of these colleges can have students who are less academically inclined or motivated. In college, you learn from and are often inspired by your peers. More selective schools tend to have a greater percentage of driven students with advanced academic skills. Possible Benefits of Attending These Schools Although there areconsiderable potential drawbacks toattending a less selective college, there are also some possible benefits. #1: Being a Big Fish in a Small Pond In his book David and Goliath, author Malcolm Gladwell wrote of the benefits of attending less prestigious universities. If you're competing against fewer gifted students, you may be more likely to excel, especially in the most demanding subjects. Many students who wish to attend medical school or pursue a STEM degree opt to go to a less selective college in the hopes that it will be easier to maintain a high GPA and achieve their academic goals. #2: Cost Most of theschools with the highest acceptance rates, especially the state schools, are much cheaper than selective private colleges. If you don’t get generous financial aid at a selective school, you may graduate with tremendous debt or place a financial burden on your family.For example, tuition for the 2018-2019 academic year at Tennessee Tech for an in-state student is just$8,732. Tuition for Vanderbilt, a selective private college in Nashville, Tennessee, is $48,600.Keep in mind, though, that many of the more selective private colleges do a good job of meeting your financial need. Even many of the private colleges with high acceptance rates are much more affordable than selective private colleges. The tuition and fees for Jarvis Christian College in Hawkins, Texas are $11,720. That's significantly cheaper than the $46,600tuition for Rice University, a selective private school in Houston, Texas. Also, less selective schools are more likely to award merit scholarships for outstanding students. At the most selective schools, merit scholarships are less common since almost all of the students have stellar academic credentials. If you don't qualify for or receive enough need-based financial aid, you may be able to get a merit scholarship from a college with a high acceptance rate. You mightsave money if you attend a school with a high acceptance rate. (401(K) 2012/Flickr) What's Next? What's a good GPA? A bad GPA?Here's a complete guide. Retaking the SAT?Check out ourultimate SAT study guide to help you with your prep. Taking the SAT very soon? Check out ourguide to cramming for the test. Not sure where you'd like to go to college?We'll help you find the right college for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Detailed Cycle Analysis of Turbofan Engine Essay

Detailed Cycle Analysis of Turbofan Engine - Essay Example 1. Fan – The fan is at the obverse of the engine. The process of propulsion begins at this part. The fan initiates a flow of air around the engine. The air gets separated into two streams. The larger stream, known as bypass air, is typically about 85%, while the smaller stream which refers to primary air, is about 15% of the total volume of air. The bypass air usually keeps the engine quieter, cooler and more fuel efficient. 3. Combustion chamber – After the compression process is complete the highly pressured air got forced through a combustor. Then, fuel got added and burned. This process makes the air temperature to be high. 4. Turbines – Hot air gets blasted through the blades of the turbines. The two whirling turbines rotate the shafts that steer both the fan and the compressors at the front part of the engine. This process allows modern jets to function with high fuel efficiency. 5. Exhaust nozzle – The hot air get forced via the exhaust opening at the rear part of the engine. The air gets forced to accelerate due to the thin walls of the exhaust nozzle. The acceleration of the air, combined with its weight, drives the engine forward. An explanation of how the turbofan engine works became discussed here. The inward bound air enters the engine shaft. A portion of the inward air passes through the ducted fan. It continues on into the core compressor (Diesinger 2008, p.34). This then goes to the burner. Here, air mixes with fuel and combustion occurs. For the basic turbojet, the hot exhaust gas passes through fan turbines, the core and then out through the nozzle. The surplus of the inbound air passes through the bypasses and fan. Sometimes it goes about the engine. This is just like the air via a propeller. The velocity of the air that passes via the fan is higher than the free stream. A turbofan gets a portion of its thrust from the fan and the rest from the core (Peter Galison 2000, p.25). In the analysis of the engine cycle, the bypass ratio

BENCHMARK PROJECT Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BENCHMARK - Statistics Project Example This survey was conducted on beach situated around my area of residence. On that note, I employed some basic observational skills in a bid to try and answer some of the questions in the objective list. Evidently, through monitoring the activities in the beach during the weekends I was able to achieve the goals of this study. However, in a bid to establish the most commonly engaged activity in the beach, I was able to count the number of people engaging in various activities for instance, swimming, surfing and others just went to the beach to enjoy the view of the ocean. Apparently, the main reason for the use of simple observational skills in this study was because it was not a time consuming method as compared to other statistical methods for instance interviews. Secondly, it required minimal resources to carry out the study hence it is economical. On other hand, in a bid to achieve an unbiased study, the observations were carried out for three weekends in order to justify the claim s and ensure accuracy in the results. In this particular observational study, the sample population wasthe people present in the beach during the period in which the study was carried out. In addition to that, on the particular weekend in which the study was carried out, there were approximately five hundred people. On that note, the study was able to yield the following results; the survey was able to conclude that seventy percent of people who went to the beach engaged in swimming activities. Fifteen percent embarked on surfing activities,fivepercent engaged in beach games for instance, volley ball and beach soccer and the rest were in attendance to enjoy the view of the ocean. In short, the survey was able to conclude that swimming was the most popular engaged activity in the beach. Consequently, this survey has a number of significance to our society. Apparently, this survey has been able to highlight that in the beach area, many

Employment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment - Research Paper Example Unemployment has various effects on the economy and on people, which has caused substantial problems to wellbeing of the nation. According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, unemployment has serious effects on an individual’s emotional and sociological condition. Employment is a shunned upon the issue in today society. Therefore, those that are unemployed undergo past several societal changes that may affect their sociological state of mind. The U.S society views those that are unemployed as slackers and hardly empathizes with the jobless people. The unemployed persons go through the pain of knowing that, they have no job themselves, while on the same time, having to face the lack of ability to protect this fact, from the environment surrounding them (Strand, Novo and Hammarstrom 1). When one falls deeply in this situation the entire state of mind can be damaged. Some even consider the unemployed as a burden to the country. However, the unemployed people work as harder as the employed people to upkeep themselves only that they do not have a recognized job. The eventual effects of being unemployed beco me so detrimental that the unemployed face-losing essential parts of their lives. Some lose their cars, home, and even families. Unemployment has an impact on society as a whole. The unemployed people are capable of making a significant contribution to the public, but they are incapable of doing so because of their unfortunate circumstances. This has mandated the U.S government to disburse unemployment settlement to the unemployment leading to the straining of the government budget. The government is in turn forced to borrow from organizations such as the World Bank to have enough budget funds to make such payments, as currently unemployment is on the increase (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). The experience of unemployment causes long-term consequences; both amplified probability of potential unemployment and lesser

Rene Descartes - The Discourse on the Method Essay

Rene Descartes - The Discourse on the Method - Essay Example His work Discourse on Method offers several key perspectives on analyzing the world, and it breaks from traditions in a number of ways. The Discourse on Method is not only important as a study of how the early scientific method developed in the Western world, but also it is informative in terms of where Descartes fits within the historical context of Western thought. Based on the applications of Descartes’ new method, one can see the logical consequences of his theories to both the physical and metaphysical sciences. An overview and critical examination of those consequences, including what can be called â€Å"Descartes’ history hypothesis,† is given in this paper. Descartes published the Discourse on Method in 1637, four years before his seminal Mediations on First Philosophy in which he establishes the rationalist mode of thinking necessary to produce the cogito ergo sum argument. The arguments in the Discourse are laid out in a way that reflects this later wor k, particularly in the importance that Descartes ascribes to reasoning as such as a way toward truth. He writes, â€Å"For, in fine, whether awake or asleep, we ought never to allow ourselves to be persuaded of the truth of anything unless on the evidence of our Reason† (Descartes, IV, 9). ... However, more than a piece of thorough philosophy, Descartes’ Discourse reads more as a narrative: introducing his younger self, his eventual dissatisfaction with the old ways of thinking that were based primarily on a Jesuit or Aristotelian model of science, and his dissatisfaction with the lack of certainty that those methods provided him. In fact, these methods only produce more doubts, more uncertainty about the world as it actually exists. Therefore, he outlines the way by which he arrives at his new method, which calls into question everything except for the fact that his is a thinking thing, capable of doubting everything except for the fact that it doubts (Descartes, III, 6). In giving a justification for a rational way to approach philosophical and scientific problems, Descartes is setting up his own conclusions about both the physical and metaphysical worlds. The function of Part V of the Cartesian Discourse on Method is to address some of these physically relevant s cientific considerations given by his rational method. â€Å"In Part Five of the Discourse a few years later,† writes Ernan McMullin, â€Å"he returned to his ambitious project of a mechanistic cosmogony, describing it this time only in outline, with none of the explanatory detail of the earlier work† (McMullin 2010, 91). Cosmogony, which refers to the study of how the universe came to be, is a mechanistic—or physical—set of theories. Descartes’ method, which attempts to set forth a mechanistic view of the origins of the universe, involves looking at a number of different phenomena: stars, the sky, heavenly bodies, and human beings themselves (Descartes, IV, 4). Descartes is attempting to develop the foundations

Italian and German Fascism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Italian and German Fascism - Essay Example This essay declares that the fascist movements in both Germany and Italy initially gained power through being invited by conservative parties into government to ensure that leftist parties were countered. Leftist parties, especially socialist parties, had taken a significant share of the opposition of these countries and their influence was steadily increasing. The rise of communism in Russia during and immediately after World War One had made conservative parties in power to become wary of leftist opposition parties and collaboration with fascist parties in both Germany and Italy made possible the removal of their threat. However, the Fascist party in Italy wanted more than a small share of government and although it had won only a small number of seats in parliament, it managed to seize power and maintain it through an alliance with right leaning parties. The same occurred in Germany where the Nazis took advantage of their being in government to lash out against the socialist parti es and strengthen their position, eventually taking over some of the most important institutions within the state. This paper makes a conclusion that the fascist movement within these two countries ended up developing in different ways with Nazi Germany becoming more radicalized while fascist Italy becoming more authoritarian. The Nazi party, once it gained power, aimed at implementing its policies at all costs and among these was the restoration of Germany’s glorious past through military action.

Rene Descartes - The Discourse on the Method Essay

Rene Descartes - The Discourse on the Method - Essay Example His work Discourse on Method offers several key perspectives on analyzing the world, and it breaks from traditions in a number of ways. The Discourse on Method is not only important as a study of how the early scientific method developed in the Western world, but also it is informative in terms of where Descartes fits within the historical context of Western thought. Based on the applications of Descartes’ new method, one can see the logical consequences of his theories to both the physical and metaphysical sciences. An overview and critical examination of those consequences, including what can be called â€Å"Descartes’ history hypothesis,† is given in this paper. Descartes published the Discourse on Method in 1637, four years before his seminal Mediations on First Philosophy in which he establishes the rationalist mode of thinking necessary to produce the cogito ergo sum argument. The arguments in the Discourse are laid out in a way that reflects this later wor k, particularly in the importance that Descartes ascribes to reasoning as such as a way toward truth. He writes, â€Å"For, in fine, whether awake or asleep, we ought never to allow ourselves to be persuaded of the truth of anything unless on the evidence of our Reason† (Descartes, IV, 9). ... However, more than a piece of thorough philosophy, Descartes’ Discourse reads more as a narrative: introducing his younger self, his eventual dissatisfaction with the old ways of thinking that were based primarily on a Jesuit or Aristotelian model of science, and his dissatisfaction with the lack of certainty that those methods provided him. In fact, these methods only produce more doubts, more uncertainty about the world as it actually exists. Therefore, he outlines the way by which he arrives at his new method, which calls into question everything except for the fact that his is a thinking thing, capable of doubting everything except for the fact that it doubts (Descartes, III, 6). In giving a justification for a rational way to approach philosophical and scientific problems, Descartes is setting up his own conclusions about both the physical and metaphysical worlds. The function of Part V of the Cartesian Discourse on Method is to address some of these physically relevant s cientific considerations given by his rational method. â€Å"In Part Five of the Discourse a few years later,† writes Ernan McMullin, â€Å"he returned to his ambitious project of a mechanistic cosmogony, describing it this time only in outline, with none of the explanatory detail of the earlier work† (McMullin 2010, 91). Cosmogony, which refers to the study of how the universe came to be, is a mechanistic—or physical—set of theories. Descartes’ method, which attempts to set forth a mechanistic view of the origins of the universe, involves looking at a number of different phenomena: stars, the sky, heavenly bodies, and human beings themselves (Descartes, IV, 4). Descartes is attempting to develop the foundations

Independence Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Independence Day - Essay Example This paper discusses the history of the United States and the meanings attached to the Independence Day. On June 11 in the year 1976 a committee was appointed by congress to draft a declaration and the five committee members appointed included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, Thomas Jefferson and Roger Sherman who presented this draft to the congress on 28th of the same month. Voting was undertaken on the first of July whereby each colony had a single vote, South Carolina and Pennsylvania voted against declaring independence, however the next day South Carolina reversed its decision. New York on the other hand did not vote because delegates lacked authority to vote, however authority was granted a week later, and therefore on July 2 the declaration for independence was passed however congress debated on the draft changing it and deleting some of its passages. On July 4 congress finished the wording and approved the Declaration of Independence and which is now celebrated as the Independence Day. Majority have the view that on 4th July the united states declared its impendence from British rule, there are various meanings attached to this day including a day which the united states ... The following is an analysis of the happening on and before July 4 1976. Independence: Many have the view that independence was achieved on the 4th of July, however the independence was achieved through a series of activities that led to the independence of the thirteen colonies in the united states. Many argue that on July 4 the United States declared independent but from the activities it is evident that colonies declared independent on the 2nd of July 1976. From history it is evident that there was a draft declaration of independence prepared by a committee selected by congress on the 28th of June. The draft declaration was tabled in parliament on the first of July, on this day a few states including South Carolina and Pennsylvania rejected the declaration while New York did not have the authority to vote. On the second of July voting was undertaken and South Carolina reversed its decision and there were a total of twelve votes that accepted the declaration and New York did not participate in the voting. For this reason therefore it is evident that the declaration of independence by colonized states was done on the 2nd of July where 12 states denounced colonial rule and declared independent from British rule. In the next two days congress edited the declaration deleting some of the contents of the draft including slavery and slave trade, the revised copy was made public on the 4th of July although many states and army commanders received the document days after. Signing of the Declaration of Independence: History have the view that the declaration of independent was signed on the 4th of July by congress, however it is clear that some did not sign the